International Journal of Cardiology
Volume 135, Issue 2 , Pages 175-183 , 26 June 2009

Financial strain predicts recurrent events among women with coronary artery disease

  • Anastasia Georgiades

      Affiliations

    • Preventive Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet and Center of Public Health, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
    • Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
    • ,
  • Imre Janszky

      Affiliations

    • Preventive Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet and Center of Public Health, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
    • Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
    • ,
  • May Blom

      Affiliations

    • Preventive Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet and Center of Public Health, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
    • ,
  • Krisztina D. László

      Affiliations

    • Preventive Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet and Center of Public Health, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
    • Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
    • ,
  • Staffan Ahnve

      Affiliations

    • Preventive Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet and Center of Public Health, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Preventive Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Norrbacka, 6th floor, Karolinska University Hospital SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden. Tel.: +46 8 737 38 97, +46 70 560 0062; fax: +46 8 737 38 88.

Received 30 May 2007 ,Revised 14 December 2007 ,Accepted 29 March 2008.

References 

  1. Illsley R, Baker D. Contextual variations in the meaning of health inequality. Soc Sci Med. 1991;32:359–365
  2. Marmot MG, Kogevinas M, Elston MA. Social/economic status and disease. Annu Rev Publ Health. 1987;8:111–135
  3. Pickering T. Cardiovascular pathways: socioeconomic status and stress effects on hypertension and cardiovascular function. Ann N Y Acad Sc. 1999;896:262–277
  4. Kaplan GA, Keil JE. Socioeconomic factors and cardiovascular disease: a review of the literature. Circulation. 1993;88:1973–1998
  5. Strike P, Steptoe A. Psychosocial factors in the development of coronary artery disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2004;46:337–347
  6. Bernheim SM, Spertus JA, Reid KJ, et al. Socioeconomic disparities in outcomes after acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 2007;153:313–319
  7. Rasmussen JN, Rasmussen S, Gislason GH, et al. Mortality after acute myocardial infarction according to income and education. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2006;60:351–356
  8. Lee JR, Paultre F, Mosca L. The association between educational level and risk of cardiovascular disease fatality among women with cardiovascular disease. Womens Health Issues. 2005;15:80–88
  9. Gerward S, Tyden P, Hansen O, Engstrom G, Janzon L, Hedblad B. Survival rate 28 days after hospital admission with first myocardial infarction. Inverse relationship with socio-economic circumstances. J Intern Med. 2006;259:164–172
  10. Alter DA, Chong A, Austin PC, et al. Socioeconomic status and mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144:82–93
  11. Ahnquist J, Fredlund P, Wamala SP. Is cumulative exposure to economic hardships more hazardous to women's health than men's? A 16-year follow-up study of the Swedish Survey of Living Conditions. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2007;61:331–336
  12. Ferrie JE, Martikainen P, Shipley MJ, Marmot MG. Self-reported economic difficulties and coronary events in men: evidence from the Whitehall II study. Int J Epidemiol. 2005;34:640–648
  13. Steptoe A, Brydon L, Kunz-Ebrecht S. Changes in financial strain over three years, ambulatory blood pressure, and cortisol responses to awakening. Psychosom Med. 2005;67:281–287
  14. Rosengren A, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, et al. Association of psychosocial risk factors with risk of acute myocardial infarction in 11119 cases and 13648 controls from 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004;11;364:953–962
  15. Eaker ED, Pinsky J, Castelli WP. Myocardial infarction and coronary death among women: psychosocial predictors from a 20-year follow-up of women in the Framingham Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1992;135:854–864
  16. Janszky I, Lekander M, Blom M, Georgiades A, Ahnve S. Self-rated health and vital exhaustion, but not depression, is related to inflammation in women with coronary heart disease. Brain Behav Immun. 2005;19:555–563
  17. Janszky I, Ericson M, Lekander M, et al. Inflammatory markers and heart rate variability in women with coronary heart disease. J Intern Med. 2004;256:421–428
  18. Janszky I, Ericson M, Blom M, et al. Wine drinking is associated with increased heart rate variability in women with coronary heart disease. Heart. 2005;91:314–318
  19. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1961;4:561–571
  20. Beck AT, Beamesderfer A. Assessment of depression: the Depression Inventory. Mood Probl Pharmacopsychiatr. 1974;7:151–169
  21. Appels A, Höppener P, Mulder P. A questionnaire to assess premonitory symptoms of myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol. 1987;17:15–24
  22. Spielberger CD. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). PaloAlto CA: Consulting Psychologists Press; 1983;
  23. Henderson S, Duncan-Jones P, Byrne DG, Scott R. Measuring social relationships. The Interview Schedule for Social Interaction. Psychol Med. 1980;10:723–734
  24. Unden AL, Orth-Gomer K. Development of a social support instrument for use in population surveys. Soc Sci Med. 1989;29:1387–1392
  25. Claesson M, Birgander LS, Lindahl B, et al. Women's heart-stress management for women with ishaemic heart disease: explanatory analyses of a randomized controlled trial. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 2005;25:93–102
  26. Burell G. Group psychotherapy in project New Life: treatment of coronary-prone behaviors for patients who have had coronary artery bypass graft surgery. In:  Allan R,  Scheidt S editor. Heart & Mind. The practice of cardiac psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 1996;p. 291–310
  27. Öhman A, Burell G, Ramund B, Fleischman N. Decomposing coronary-prone behaviour: dimensions of Type A behaviour in the videotaped structured interview. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 1992;14:21–54
  28. Pearlin LI, Schooler C. The structure of coping. J Health Soc Behav. 1978;19:2–21
  29. Rothman KJ, Greenland S. Modern epidemiology. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1998;
  30. Cesana G, Ferrario M, Gigante S, Sega R, Toso C, Achilli F. Socio-occupational differences in acute myocardial infarction case-fatality and coronary care in a northern Italian population. Int J Epidemiol. 2001;30(Suppl 1):S53–S58
  31. Salomaa V, Niemela M, Miettinen H, et al. Relationship of socioeconomic status to the incidence and prehospital, 28-day, and 1-year mortality rates of acute coronary events in the FINMONICA myocardial infarction register study. Circulation. 2000;101:1913–1918
  32. Wamala SP. Socioeconomic status and cardiovascular vulnerability in women. Psychosocial, behavioural, and biological mediators. Stockholm: Karolinska Institutet, Department of Public Health Sciences; 1999;
  33. Ljung R. Socioeconomic inequalities in health. Epidemiological studies of disease burden, mechanisms, and gender differences. Stockholm: Karolinska Institutet, Department of Public Health Sciences; 2006;
  34. Rutledge T, Reis SE, Olson M, et al. Socioeconomic status variables predict cardiovascular disease risk factors and prospective mortality risk among women with chest pain. The WISE Study. Behav Modif. 2003;27:54–67
  35. Matthews KA, Kelsey SF, Meilahn EN, Kuller LH, Wing RR. Educational attainment and behavioral and biologic risk factors for coronary heart disease in middle-aged women. Am J Epidemiol. 1989;129:1132–1144
  36. Orth-Gomer K, Unden AL. Type A behavior, social support, and coronary risk: interaction and significance for mortality in cardiac patients. Psychosom Med. 1990;52:59–72
  37. Hemingway H, Marmot M. Evidence based cardiology: psychosocial factors in the aetiology and prognosis of coronary heart disease. Systematic review of prospective cohort studies. BMJ. 1999;318:1460–1467
  38. Rozanski A, Blumenthal JA, Kaplan J. Impact of psychological factors on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and implications for therapy. Circulation. 1999;99:2192–2217
  39. Gallo LC, Matthews KA. Do negative emotions mediate the association between socioeconomic status and health?. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999;896:226–245
  40. Kristenson M, Kucinskiene Z, Bergdahl B, Orth-Gomer K. Risk factors for coronary heart disease in different socioeconomic groups of Lithuania and Sweden—the LiVicordia Study. Scand J Public Health. 2001;29:140–150
  41. Thurston RC, Kubzansky LD, Kawachi I, Berkman LF. Do depression and anxiety mediate the link between educational attainment and CHD?. Psychosom Med. 2006;68:25–32
  42. Ahern DK, Gorkin L, Anderson JL, et al. Biobehavioral variables and mortality or cardiac arrest in the Cardiac Arrhythmia Pilot Study (CAPS). Am J Cardiol. 1990;66:59–62
  43. Bush DE, Ziegelstein RC, Tayback M, et al. Even minimal symptoms of depression increase mortality risk after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88:337–341
  44. Barefoot JC, Brummett BH, Helms MJ, Mark DB, Siegler IC, Williams RB. Depression and long-term mortality risk in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1996;78:613–617
  45. Wells KB, Rogers W, Burnam MA, Camp P. Course of depression in patients with hypertension, myocardial infarction or insulin dependent diabetes. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150:632–638
  46. Soderman E, Lisspers J, Sundin O. Depression as a predictor of return to work in patients with coronary artery disease. Soc Sci Med. 2003;56:193–202
  47. Székely A, Balog P, Benkö E, et al. Anxiety predicts mortality and morbidity after coronary artery and valve surgery—a 4-year follow-up study. Psychosom Med. 2007;69:625–631
  48. Koertge J, Wamala SP, Janszky I, et al. Vital exhaustion and recurrence of CHD in women with acute myocardial infarction. Psychol Health Med. 2002;7:117–126
  49. Berkman LF, Syme SL. Social networks, host resistance and mortality: a nine-year follow-up of Alameda County residents. Am J Epidemiol. 1979;109:186–204
  50. Vitaliano PP, Scanlan JM, Zhang J, Savage MV, Hirsch IB, Siegler IC. A path model of chronic stress, the metabolic syndrome, and coronary heart disease. Psychosom Med. 2002;64:18–35
  51. Black PH. The inflammatory response is an integral part of the stress response: implications for atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, type II diabetes and metabolic syndrome X. Brain Behav Immun. 2003;17:350–364
  52. Sarwar N, Danesh J, Eiriksdottir G, et al. Triglycerides and the risk of coronary heart disease: 10,158 incident cases among 262,525 participants in 29 Western prospective studies. Circulation. 2007;115:450–458

☆ This study was supported by grants from the Ansgarius Foundation, the Belven Foundation, King Gustaf V:s and Queen Victoria's Foundation, Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation, the Public Health Committee as well as EXPO-95 of Stockholm County Council, the Swedish Medical Research Council (project 19X-11629), the Vardal Foundation, all in Stockholm, Sweden. Dr. Janszky was supported by the post doc grant (2006–1146) of the Swedish Council of Working Life and Social Research.

PII: S0167-5273(08)00512-3

doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.03.093

International Journal of Cardiology
Volume 135, Issue 2 , Pages 175-183 , 26 June 2009

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution