International Journal of Cardiology
Volume 135, Issue 3 , Pages 323-330 , 10 July 2009

Determinants of left ventricular mass and presence of metabolic risk factors in normotensive individuals

  • Sérgio Lamêgo Rodrigues

      Affiliations

    • Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Brazil
  • ,
  • Lílian C.S. Ângelo

      Affiliations

    • Heart Institute, University of São Paulo, Brazil
  • ,
  • Alexandre C. Pereira

      Affiliations

    • Heart Institute, University of São Paulo, Brazil
  • ,
  • José Eduardo Krieger

      Affiliations

    • Heart Institute, University of São Paulo, Brazil
  • ,
  • José Geraldo Mill

      Affiliations

    • Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Brazil
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde da Ufes, Maruípe, Vitória, ES 29042-755, Brazil. Tel.: +55 27 3335 7335; fax: +55 27 3335 7330.

Received 5 October 2007 ,Revised 22 February 2008 ,Accepted 29 March 2008.

References 

  1. Koren MJ, Devereux RB, Casale PN, Savage DD, Laragh JH. Relation of left ventricular mass and geometry to morbidity and mortality in uncomplicated essential hypertension. Ann Intern Med. 1991;114:345–352
  2. Levy D, Garrison RJ, Savage DD, Kannel WB, Castelli WP. Prognostic implications of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham Heart Study. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:1561–1566
  3. Verdecchia P, Porcellati C, Schillaci G, et al. G. Ambulatory blood pressure: an independent predictor of prognosis in essential hypertension. Hypertension. 1994;24:793–801
  4. Muiesan ML, Salvetti M, Rizzoni D, Castellano M, Donato F, Agabiti-Rosei E. Association of change in left ventricular mass with prognosis during long-term antihypertensive treatment. J Hypertens. 1995;13:1091–1095
  5. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C, et al. Prognostic significance of serial changes in left ventricular mass in essential hypertension. Circulation. 1998;97:48–54
  6. Salmasi AM, Rawlins S, Dancy M. Left ventricular hypertrophy and preclinical impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus contribute to abnormal left ventricular diastolic function in hypertensive patients. Blood Press Monit. 2005;10:231–238
  7. Burchfield CM, Skelton TN, Andrew ME, et al. Metabolic syndrome and echocardiographic left ventricular mass in blacks: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Circulation. 2005;112:819–827
  8. Eckel RH. Obesity and heart disease: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee, American Heart Association. Circulation. 1997;96:3248–3250
  9. Yang G, Xiang YB, Zheng W, et al. Body weight and weight change in relation to blood pressure in normotensive men. J Hum Hypertens. 2007;21:45–52
  10. Canoy D, Luben R, Welch A, et al. Fat distribution, body mass index and blood pressure in 22,090 men and women in the Norfolk cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Norfolk) Study. J Hypertens. 2004;22:2067–2074
  11. Anderson KM, Wilson PWF, Odell PM, Kannel WB. An updated coronary risk profile. A statement for health professionals. Circulation. 1991;83:356–362
  12. Pereira AC, Mota GF, Cunha RS, Herbenhoff FL, Mill JG, Krieger JE. Angiotensinogen 235T allele “dosage” is associated with blood pressure phenotypes. Hypertension. 2003;41:25–30
  13. Angelo LCS, Vieira MLC, Rodrigues SL, et al. Echocardiographic reference values in a sample of asymptomatic adult Brazilian population. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007;89:184–190
  14. Falkner . Physiology of swimming and diving. In:  Falls H editors. Exercise Physiology. Baltimore Academic Press; 1968;
  15. National Institute of Health . Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. Obes Res. 1998;6:51S–209S
  16. Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet. 1986;1:307–310
  17. Sahn DJ, DeMaria A, Weyman A. The committee on M-Mode Standardization of the American Society of Echocardiography. Recommendations regarding quantitation in M-Mode echocardiography: results of a survey of echocardiographic measurements. Circulation. 1978;58:1072–1083
  18. Devereux RB, Alonso DR, Reicheck N. Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular hypertrophy: comparison to necropsy findings. Am J of Cardiol. 1986;57:450–458
  19. Dubois D, Dubois EF. A formula to estimate the approximate surface area if height and weight be known. Arch Inter Med. 1916;17:863–871
  20. De Simone G, Devereux RB, Daniels SR, Meyer R. Gender differences in left ventricular growth. Hypertension. 1995;26:979–983
  21. De Simone G, Kizer JR, Chinali M, Roman MJ, et al. Normalization for body size and population attributable risk of left ventricular hypertrophy: the Strong Heart Study. Am J Hypertens. 2005;18:191–196
  22. Casale PN, Devereux RB, Milner M, Zullo G, et al. Value of echocardiographic measurement of left ventricular mass in predicting cardiovascular morbid events in hypertensive men. Ann Intern Med. 1986;105:173–178
  23. Levy D, Garrison RJ, Savage DD, Kannel WB, Castelli WP. Left ventricular mass and incidence of coronary heart disease in an elderly cohort. The Framingham study. Ann Intern Med. 1989;110:101–107
  24. Marcus R, Krause L, Weder AB, et al. Sex-specific determinants of increased left ventricular mass in the Tecumseh blood pressure study. Circulation. 1994;90:928–936
  25. Rheeder P, Stolk RP, Mosterd , Pols HA, Hofman A, Grobbee DE. Insulin resistance syndrome and left ventricular mass in an elderly population (The Rotterdam Study). Am J Cardiol. 1999;84:233–236
  26. Urblna EM, Gidding SS, Bao W, Elkasabany A, Berenson GS. Association of fasting blood sugar level, insulin level, and obesity with left ventricular mass in healthy children and adolescents: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am Heart J. 1999;138:122–127
  27. Ilercil A, O'Grady MJ, Roman MJ, et al. Reference values for echocardiographic measurements in urban and rural populations of differing ethnicity. The Strong Heart Study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2001;14:601–611
  28. Devereux RB, Roman MJ. Hypertensive cardiac hypertrophy: pathophysiologic and clinical characteristics. In:  Laragh JH,  Brenner BM editor. Hypertension: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. 2nd ed.. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1995;p. 409–424
  29. Hammond IW, Devereux RB, Alderman MH, Lutas EM, Spitzer MC, Crowley JS, et al. The prevalence and correlates of echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy among employed patients with uncomplicated hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1988;7:639–650
  30. Antoniucci D, Seccareccia F, Menotti A, et al. Prevalence and correlates of echocardiographic determined left ventricular hypertrophy in 2318 asymptomatic middle-aged men: the ECCIS Project. Epidemiologia e Clinica della Cardiopatie Ischemia Silente. G Ital Cardiol. 1997;27:363–369
  31. Ferrara AL, Vaccaro O, Zanchetti A. On behalf of the Gubbio Study Research Group. Is there a relationship between left ventricular mass and plasma glucose and lipids independent of body mass index? Results of the Gubbio study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2003;13:126–132
  32. Bella JN, Devereux RB, Roman MJ, et al. Relations of the left ventricular mass to fat-free and adipose body mass. The Strong Heart Study Investigators. Circulation. 1998;98:2538–2544
  33. Palmieri V, de Simone G, Bella JN, et al. Relation of various degrees of body mass index in patients with systemic hypertension to left ventricular mass, cardiac output, and peripheral resistance (The Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network Study). Am J Cardiol. 2001;88:1163–1168
  34. Chobanian A, Bakris G, Black H, Cushman W, Lee A. Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42:1206–1252
  35. Practice Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension ESH-ESC Task Force on the Management of Arterial Hypertension. J Hypertens. 2007;25:1751–1762
  36. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, et al. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Prospective Studies Collaboration. Lancet. 2002;360:1903–1913
  37. Vasan RS, Larson MG, Leip EP, et al. Impact of high-normal blood pressure on the risk of cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1291–1297
  38. De Simone G, Palmieri V, Bella JN, et al. Association of left ventricular hypertrophy with metabolic risk factors: the HyperGEN study. J Hypertens. 2002;20:323–331
  39. Thomas F, Benetos A, Ducimetiare P, Bean K, Guize L. Determinants of left ventricular mass in a French male population. Blood Press. 1999;8:79–84
  40. Hense HW, Gneiting B, Muscholl M, et al. The associations of body size and body composition with left ventricular mass: impacts for indexation in adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32:451–457
  41. Kuch B, Gneiting B, Doring , et al. Indexation of left ventricular mass in adults with a novel approximation for fat-free mass. J Hypertens. 2001;19:135–142
  42. Kershaw EE, Flier JS. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:2548–2556
  43. Reaven GM. The metabolic syndrome: is this diagnosis necessary?. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83:1237–1247
  44. Pou K, Massaro JM, Hoffmann U, et al. Visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue volumes are cross-sectionally related to markers of inflammation and oxidative stress: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2007;116:1–8
  45. Davis CL, Kapuku G, Snieder H, Kumar M, Treiber FA. Insulin resistance syndrome and left ventricular mass in healthy young people. Am J Med Sci. 2002;324:72–75
  46. Ebinas H, Ebina FA, Ozkurt ZN, DoÄŸru T, Yilmaz M. Relationship of left ventricular mass to insulin sensitivity and body mass index in healthy individuals. Acta Cardiol. 2006;61:398–405

PII: S0167-5273(08)00539-1

doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.03.066

International Journal of Cardiology
Volume 135, Issue 3 , Pages 323-330 , 10 July 2009