International Journal of Cardiology
Volume 139, Issue 1 , Pages 2-6 , 18 February 2010

Calcium channel regulation in vascular smooth muscle cells: Synergistic effects of statins and calcium channel blockers

  • Gerard F. Clunn
  • ,
  • Peter S. Sever

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, 59 North Wharf Road, London W2 1NY, UK. Tel.: +44 20 7594 1100; fax: +44 20 7594 1145.
  • ,
  • Alun D. Hughes

Received 4 March 2009 ,Revised 28 April 2009 ,Accepted 4 May 2009.

References 

  1. Sever PS, Dahlof B, Poulter NR, et al. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial—Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361:1149–1158
  2. Sever P, Dahlof B, Poulter N, et al. Potential synergy between lipid-lowering and blood-pressure-lowering in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:2982–2988
  3. Hansson GK. Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1685–1695
  4. Strong JP, Malcom GT, McMahan CA, et al. Prevalence and extent of atherosclerosis in adolescents and young adults: implications for prevention from the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth Study. JAMA. 1999;281:727–735
  5. Owens GK, Kumar MS, Wamhoff BR. Molecular regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation in development and disease. Physiol Rev. 2004;84:767–801
  6. Newby AC, Zaltsman AB. Fibrous cap formation or destruction—the critical importance of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration and matrix formation. Cardiovasc Res. 1999;41:345–360
  7. Libby P, Aikawa M. Mechanisms of plaque stabilization with statins. Am J Cardiol. 2003;91:4B–8B
  8. Beckman JA, Creager MA. The nonlipid effects of statins on endothelial function. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2006;16:156–162
  9. Van AL, Souza-Schorey C. Rho GTPases and signaling networks. Genes Dev. 1997;11:2295–2322
  10. Rikitake Y, Liao JK. Rho GTPases, statins, and nitric oxide. Circ Res. 2005;97:1232–1235
  11. Guerard P, Rakotoniaina Z, Goirand F, et al. The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, pravastatin, prevents the development of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in the rat through reduction of endothelial cell apoptosis and over expression of eNOS. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2006;373(6):401–414
  12. Girgis RE, Mozammel S, Champion HC, et al. Regression of chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension by simvastatin. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2007;292(5):L1105–L1110
  13. Munro E, Patel M, Chan P, et al. Inhibition of human vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by lovastatin: the role of isoprenoid intermediates of cholesterol synthesis. Eur J Clin Invest. 1994;24:766–772
  14. Unlu S, Clunn G, Schachter M, Demoliou-Mason C, Hughes AD. Action of an HMG CoA reductase inhibitor, lovastatin, on apoptosis of untransformed and ts-SV40 transformed human smooth muscle cells derived from saphenous vein. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2001;38:161–173
  15. Negre-Aminou P, van Vliet AK, van EM, van Thiel GC, van Leeuwen RE, Cohen LH. Inhibition of proliferation of human smooth muscle cells by various HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors; comparison with other human cell types. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1997;1345:259–268
  16. Corsini A, Pazzucconi F, Arnaboldi L, et al. Direct effects of statins on the vascular wall. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1998;31:773–778
  17. Sindermann JR, Fan L, Weigel KA, et al. Differences in the effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on proliferation and viability of smooth muscle cells in culture. Atheroscler. 2000;150:331–341
  18. Corsini A, Mazzotti M, Raiteri M, et al. Relationship between mevalonate pathway and arterial myocyte proliferation: in vitro studies with inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase. Athero. 1993;101:117–125
  19. Mack CP, Somlyo AV, Hautmann M, Somlyo AP, Owens GK. Smooth muscle differentiation marker gene expression is regulated by RhoA-mediated actin polymerization. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:341–347
  20. Beech DJ, Muraki K, Flemming R. Non-selective cationic channels of smooth muscle and the mammalian homologues of Drosophila TRP. J Physiol. 2004;559:685–706
  21. Cribbs LL. T-type Ca2+ channels in vascular smooth muscle: multiple functions. Cell Calcium. 2006;40:221–230
  22. Mason RP. Mechanisms of plaque stabilization for the dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker amlodipine: review of the evidence. Atheroscler. 2002;165:191–199
  23. Hardingham GE, Cruzalegui FH, Chawla S, Bading H. Mechanisms controlling gene expression by nuclear calcium signals. Cell Calcium. 1998;23:131–134
  24. Xie L, Clunn GF, Lymn JS, Hughes AD. Role of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) and tyrosine phosphorylation in adhesion of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells to fibrinogen. Cardiovasc Res. 1998;39:475–484
  25. Scherberich A, Campos-Toimil M, Ronde P, Takeda K, Beretz A. Migration of human vascular smooth muscle cells involves serum-dependent repeated cytosolic calcium transients. J Cell Sci. 2000;113(Pt 4):653–662
  26. Shukla N, Rowe D, Hinton J, Angelini GD, Jeremy JY. Calcium and the replication of human vascular smooth muscle cells: studies on the activation and translocation of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) and cyclin D1 expression. Eur J Pharmacol. 2005;509:21–30
  27. Nayler WG. Review of preclinical data of calcium channel blockers and atherosclerosis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1999;33(Suppl 2):S7–11
  28. Candido R, Allen TJ, Lassila M, et al. Irbesartan but not amlodipine suppresses diabetes-associated atherosclerosis. Circ. 2004;109:1536–1542
  29. Delsing DJ, Jukema JW, van de Wiel MA, et al. Differential effects of amlodipine and atorvastatin treatment and their combination on atherosclerosis in ApoE⁎3-Leiden transgenic mice. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2003;42:63–70
  30. Cristofori P, Lanzoni A, Quartaroli M, et al. The calcium-channel blocker lacidipine reduces the development of atherosclerotic lesions in the apoE-deficient mouse. J Hypertens. 2000;18:1429–1436
  31. Cristofori P, Crivellente F, Campagnola M, et al. Reduced progression of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice treated with lacidipine is associated with a decreased susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein to oxidation. Int J Exp Pathol. 2004;85:105–114
  32. Handley DA, Van Valen RG, Melden MK, Saunders RN. Suppression of rat carotid lesion development by the calcium channel blocker PN 200-110. Am J Pathol. 1986;124:88–93
  33. Jackson CL, Bush RC, Bowyer DE. Inhibitory effect of calcium antagonists on balloon catheter-induced arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation and lesion size. Atheroscler. 1988;69:115–122
  34. Jackson CL, Bush RC, Bowyer DE. Mechanism of antiatherogenic action of calcium antagonists. Atheroscler. 1989;80:17–26
  35. Waters D, Lesperance J, Francetich M, et al. A controlled clinical trial to assess the effect of a calcium channel blocker on the progression of coronary atherosclerosis. Circ. 1990;82:1940–1953
  36. Lichtlen PR, Hugenholtz PG, Rafflenbeul W, Hecker H, Jost S, Deckers JW. Retardation of angiographic progression of coronary artery disease by nifedipine. Results of the International Nifedipine Trial on Antiatherosclerotic Therapy (INTACT). INTACT Group Investigators. Lancet. 1990;335:1109–1113
  37. Pitt B, Byington RP, Furberg CD, et al. Effect of amlodipine on the progression of atherosclerosis and the occurrence of clinical events. PREVENT Investigators. Circ. 2000;102:1503–1510
  38. Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Libby P, et al. Effect of antihypertensive agents on cardiovascular events in patients with coronary disease and normal blood pressure: the CAMELOT study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;292:2217–2225
  39. Motro M, Kirwan BA, de BS, Poole-Wilson PA, Shemesh J. Tracking coronary calcification and atherosclerotic lesions in patients with stable angina pectoris undergoing nifedipine therapy. Cardiol. 2007;107:165–171
  40. Corcos T, David PR, Val PG, et al. Failure of diltiazem to prevent restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Am Heart J. 1985;109:926–931
  41. Whitworth HB, Roubin GS, Hollman J, et al. Effect of nifedipine on recurrent stenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986;8:1271–1276
  42. Hoberg E, Dietz R, Frees U, et al. Verapamil treatment after coronary angioplasty in patients at high risk of recurrent stenosis. Br Heart J. 1994;71:254–260
  43. Jorgensen B, Simonsen S, Endresen K, et al. Restenosis and clinical outcome in patients treated with amlodipine after angioplasty: results from the Coronary AngioPlasty Amlodipine REStenosis Study (CAPARES). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35:592–599
  44. Bestehorn HP, Neumann FJ, Buttner HJ, et al. Evaluation of the effect of oral verapamil on clinical outcome and angiographic restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention: the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter Verapamil Slow-Release for Prevention of Cardiovascular Events After Angioplasty (VESPA) Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:2160–2165
  45. Zanchetti A, Bond MG, Hennig M, et al. Absolute and relative changes in carotid intima-media thickness and atherosclerotic plaques during long-term antihypertensive treatment: further results of the European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis (ELSA). J Hypertens. 2004;22:1201–1212
  46. Zanchetti A, Rosei EA, Dal PC, Leonetti G, Magnani B, Pessina A. The Verapamil in Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Study (VHAS): results of long-term randomized treatment with either verapamil or chlorthalidone on carotid intima-media thickness. J Hypertens. 1998;16:1667–1676
  47. Stanton AV, Chapman JN, Mayet J, et al. Effects of blood pressure lowering with amlodipine or lisinopril on vascular structure of the common carotid artery. Clin Sci (Lond). 2001;101:455–464
  48. Mancia G, Brown M, Castaigne A, et al. Outcomes with nifedipine GITS or Co-amilozide in hypertensive diabetics and nondiabetics in Intervention as a Goal in Hypertension (INSIGHT). Hypertens. 2003;41:431–436
  49. Wang JG, Staessen JA, Li Y, et al. Carotid intima-media thickness and antihypertensive treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Stroke. 2006;37:1933–1940
  50. Patel MK, Clunn GF, Lymn JS, Austin O, Hughes AD. Effect of serum withdrawal on the contribution of L-type calcium channels (CaV1.2) to intracellular Ca2+ responses and chemotaxis in cultured human vascular smooth muscle cells. Br J Pharmacol. 2005;145:811–817
  51. Gollasch M, Haase H, Ried C, et al. L-type calcium channel expression depends on the differentiated state of vascular smooth muscle cells. FASEB J. 1998;12:593–601
  52. Quignard JF, Grazzini E, Guillon G, Harricane MC, Nargeot J, Richard S. Absence of calcium channels in neonatal rat aortic myocytes. Pflugers Arch. 1996;431:791–793
  53. Quignard JF, Harricane MC, Menard C, et al. Transient down-regulation of L-type Ca(2+) channel and dystrophin expression after balloon injury in rat aortic cells. Cardiovasc Res. 2001;49:177–188
  54. Qin L-Z, Nishimura H. Ca2+ signalling in fowl aortic smooth muscle increases during maturation but is impaired in neointimal plaques. J Exp Biol. 1999;201:1695–1705
  55. Kumar B, Dreja K, Shah SS, et al. Upregulated TRPC1 channel in vascular injury in vivo and its role in human neointimal hyperplasia. Circ Res. 2006;98:557–563
  56. Sykaras D, Wijetunge S, Page KM, Dolphin AC, Hughes AD. Effect of growth arrest on L-type calcium channel subunit expression in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Proc Life Sci. 2007;PC214
  57. Coats AJ. Ethical authorship and publishing. Int J Cardiol. 2009;131:149–150

PII: S0167-5273(09)00561-0

doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.05.019

International Journal of Cardiology
Volume 139, Issue 1 , Pages 2-6 , 18 February 2010