Abstract
Frailty is emerging as a syndrome of pre-disability that can identify persons at risk
for negative outcomes. Its presence places the individual at risk for rapid deterioration
when a major event such as myocardial infarction or hospitalization occurs. In patients
with cardiovascular disease, frailty is about three times more prevalent than among
elderly persons without. Screening for frailty in heart disease is important not only
because of its prognostic value, but also because a variety of therapeutic interventions
are available.
Keywords
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to International Journal of CardiologyAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Developing novel therapeutic approaches to frailty.Curr Pharm Des. 2009; 15: 3384-3395
- Detecting frailty in primary care: a major challenge for primary care physicians.J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012; 13: 669-672
- Editorial: something about frailty.J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2002; 57: M698-M704
- American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology; Society of Geriatric Cardiology. Acute coronary care in the elderly. Part I: non-ST-segment-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the AHA Council on Clinical cardiology: in collaboration with the Society of Geriatric Cardiology.Circulation. 2007; 15: 2549-2569
- Frailty consensus: a call to action.J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013; 14: 392-397
- Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype.J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001; 56: M146-M156
- The I.A.N.A. Task Force on frailty assessment of older people in clinical practice.J Nutr Health Aging. 2008; 12: 29-37
- A simple frailty questionnaire (FRAIL) predicts outcomes in middle aged African Americans.J Nutr Health Aging. 2012; 16: 601-608
- Comparison of frailty indicators based on clinical phenotype and the multiple deficit approach in predicting mortality and physical limitation.J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012; 60: 1478-1486
- Low free testosterone predicts frailty in elderly men: the health in men study.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010; 95: 3165-3172
- Validation of the frail scale in a cohort of older Australian women.J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012; 60: 171-173
- Investigating measurement properties of the Groningen Frailty indicator: a more systematic approach is needed.J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012; 13 ([author reply 757–758]): 757
- Comparison of 2 frailty indexes for prediction of falls, disability, fractures, and death in older women.Arch Intern Med. 2008; 168: 382-389
- How should we grade frailty in nursing home patients?.J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2007; 8: 595-603
- How to select a frail elderly population? A comparison of three working definitions.J Clin Epidemiol. 1999; 52: 1015-1021
- Associations of subclinical cardiovascular disease with frailty.J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001; 56: M158-M166
- Frailty, morbidity and survival.Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2005; 41: 141-149
- Women's Health Initiative. Frailty: emergence and consequences in women aged 65 and older in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study.J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005; 53: 1321-1330
- Impact of anemia and cardiovascular disease on frailty status of community-dwelling older women: the Women's Health and Aging Studies I and II.J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005; 60: 729-735
- Frailty predicts long-term mortality in elderly subjects with chronic heart failure.Eur J Clin Invest. 2005; 35: 723-730
- Identifying frailty in hospitalized older adults with significant coronary artery disease.J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006; 54: 1674-1681
- Association of long-distance corridor walk performance with mortality, cardiovascular disease, mobility limitation, and disability.JAMA. 2006; 295: 2018-2026
- The utility of the 6-minute walk test as a measure of frailty in older adults with heart failure.Am J Geriatr Cardiol. 2008; 17: 7-12
- The 6-minute walk is associated with frailty and predicts mortality in older adults with heart failure.Congest Heart Fail. 2010; 16: 208-213
- Prevalence of geriatric syndromes and impact on clinical and functional outcomes in older patients with acute cardiac diseases.Heart. 2011; 97: 1602-1606
- Usefulness of frailty profile for targeting older heart failure patients in disease management programs: a cost-effectiveness, pilot study.J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2010; 11: 739-747
- Prognostic implicator of frailty and depressive symptoms in an outpatient population with heart failure.Rev Esp Cardiol. 2008; 61: 835-842
- Role of frailty in patients with cardiovascular disease.Am J Cardiol. 2009; 103: 1616-1621
- Frailty: diagnosis and management.J Nutr Health Aging. 2011; 15: 667-670
- Risk factors for 5-year mortality in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study.JAMA. 1998; 279: 585-592
- A relationship between instrumental activities of daily living and blood glucose control in elderly subjects with type 2 diabetes.Age Ageing. 2008; 37: 222-225
- Cardiac cachexia: a syndrome with impaired survival and immune and neuroendocrine activation.Chest. 1999; 115: 836-847
- Baseline total and specific differential white blood cell counts and 5-year all-cause mortality in community-dwelling older women.Exp Gerontol. 2005; 40: 982-987
- Higher C-reactive protein and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor levels are associated with poor physical function and disability: a cross-sectional analysis of a cohort of late middle-aged African Americans.J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2010; 65: 274-281
- Inflammation, hemostatic markers, and antithrombotic agents in relation to long-term risk of new cardiovascular events in first-ever ischemic stroke patients.Stroke. 2002; 33: 1763-1771
- Relative value of inflammatory, hemostatic, and rheological factors for incident myocardial infarction and stroke: the Edinburgh artery study.Circulation. 2007; 115: 2119-2127
- Reduction in circulating testosterone relates to exercise capacity in men with chronic heart failure.J Card Fail. 2009; 15: 442-450
- The association of frailty with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone levels in older European men.Age Ageing. 2013; 42: 352-359
- Effects of exercise training on frailty in community-dwelling older adults: results of a randomized, controlled trial.J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002; 50: 1921-1928
- The effectiveness of exercise interventions for the management of frailty: a systematic review.J Aging Res. Apr 4 2011; 2011: 569194
- Efficacy of progressive resistance training interventions in older adults in nursing homes: a systematic review.J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012; 13: 418-428
- Exercise based rehabilitation for heart failure.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. April 14 2010; : CD003331
- Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Jul 6 2011; : CD001800
- Research on cachexia, sarcopenia and skeletal muscle in cardiology.J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2012; 3: 219-223
- From muscle wasting to sarcopenia and myopenia: update 2012.J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2012; 3: 213-217
- Muscle wasting in patients with chronic heart failure: results from the studies investigating co-morbidities aggravating heart failure (SICA-HF).Eur Heart J. 2013; 34: 512-519
- Effects of high-intensity progressive resistance training and targeted multidisciplinary treatment of frailty on mortality and nursing home admissions after hip fracture: a randomized controlled trial.J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012; 13: 24-30
- Skeletal muscle wasting in cachexia and sarcopenia: molecular pathophysiology and impact of exercise training.J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2010; 1: 9-21
- Sarcopenia, cachexia and congestive heart failure in the elderly.Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2013; 13: 58-67
- J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2010; 1: 129-133
- Sarcopenia with limited mobility: an international consensus.J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2011; 12: 403-409
- The epidemiology of sarcopenia in community living older adults: what role does lifestyle play?.J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2011; 2: 125-134
- Why does chronic heart failure cause breathlessness and fatigue?.Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2007; 49: 366-384
- Heart failure: a model of cardiac and skeletal muscle energetic failure.Pflugers Arch. 2006; 452: 653-666
- The influence of muscle mass, strength, fatigability and blood flow on exercise capacity in cachectic and non-cachectic patients with chronic heart failure.Eur Heart J. 1997; 18: 259-269
- Protein supplementation increases muscle mass gain during prolonged resistance-type exercise training in frail elderly people: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012; 13: 713-719
- Protein supplementation improves physical performance in frail elderly people: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012; 13: 720-726
- Post-discharge nutritional support in malnourished elderly individuals improves functional limitations.J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2011; 12: 295-301
- The association between vitamin D and inflammation with the 6-minute walk and frailty in patients with heart failure.J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008; 56: 454-461
- Impact of nutrition on muscle mass, strength, and performance in older adults.Osteoporos Int. 2013; 24: 1555-1566
- Effect of perindopril on physical function in elderly people with functional impairment: a randomized controlled trail.CMAJ. 2007; 177: 867-874
- Anabolic steroids and frailty.J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2010; 11: 533-536
- Clinical meaningfulness of the changes in muscle performance and physical function associated with testosterone administration in older men with mobility limitation.J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2011; 66: 1090-1099
- Effects of testosterone on muscle strength, physical function, body composition, and quality of life in intermediate-frail and frail elderly men: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010; 95: 639-650
- Testosterone therapy in women with chronic heart failure: a pilot double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010; 56: 1310-1316
- Testosterone therapy during exercise rehabilitation in male patients with chronic heart failure who have low testosterone status: a double-blind randomized controlled feasibility study.Am Heart J. 2012; 164: 893-901
- Effect of long-acting testosterone treatment on functional exercise capacity, skeletal muscle performance, insulin resistance, and baroreflex sensitivity in elderly patients with chronic heart failure: a double-blind placebo-controlled, randomized study.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009; 54: 919-927
- Depression in long-term care.J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2008; 9: 82-87
- The effect of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose on health-related quality of life in patients with chronic heart failure and iron deficiency: a subanalysis of the FAIR-HF study.Eur Heart J. 2013; 34: 30-38
- Role of iron deficiency and anemia in cardio-renal syndromes.Semin Nephrol. 2012; 32: 57-62
- Ferris carboxymaltose in patients with heart failure and iron deficiency.N Engl J Med. 2009; 361: 2436-2448
- An analysis of the interactions between individual comorbidities and their treatments—implications for guidelines and polypharmacy.J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2010; 11: 475-484
- Reducing polypharmacy: evidence from a simple quality improvement initiative.J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013; 14: 152-156
- Effects of statins on energy and fatigue with exertion: results from a randomized controlled trial.Arch Intern Med. 2012; 172: 1180-1182
- Effect of Rosuvastatin on fatigue in patients with heart failure.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013; 61: 1121-1122
- The effects of statins on skeletal muscle strength and exercise performance.Curr Opin Lipidol. 2010; 21: 324-328
- The effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on cognition in patients with Alzheimer's dementia: a prospective withdrawal and rechallenge pilot study.Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2012; 10: 296-302
- Hypertension: is it overtreated in the elderly?.J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2010; 11: 147-152
- Reducing cost by reducing polypharmacy: the polypharmacy outcomes project.J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012; 13: 818.e11-5
- J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000; 55: M554-M559
- Undernutrition: a major problem in nursing homes.J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2011; 12: 243-246
- Weight loss and mortality risk in patients with chronic heart failure in the candesartan in heart failure: assessment of reduction in mortality and morbidity (CHARM) programme.Eur Heart J. 2008; 29: 2641-2650
- How does cachexia influence survival in cancer, heart failure and other chronic diseases?.Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2007; 1: 299-305
- Screening older people at risk of malnutrition or malnourished using the Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire (SNAQ): a comparison with the Mini-Nutritional Assessment (MNA) tool.J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012; 13: 31-34
- Weight loss in older persons: new therapeutic approaches.Curr Pharm Des. 2007; 13: 3637-3647
Article info
Publication history
Published online: August 09, 2013
Accepted:
July 1,
2013
Received:
June 11,
2013
Identification
Copyright
© 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
