Highlights
- •Three healthy diets led to reduction in high-sensitivity troponin, a marker of subclinical cardiac injury.
- •Inflammation, measured by high-sensitivity CRP, was also reduced by all three healthy diets.
- •These changes were not explained alone by improvement in hypertension or hyperlipidemia.
- •All three healthy diets can be recommended to help reduce cardiovascular risk.
Abstract
Background
Despite diet being a first-line strategy for preventing cardiovascular disease, the
optimal macronutrient profile remains unclear. We studied the effects of macronutrient
profile on subclinical cardiovascular injury and inflammation.
Methods
OmniHeart was a randomized 3-period, crossover feeding study in 164 adults with high
blood pressure or hypertension (SBP 120–159 or DBP 80–99 mm Hg). Participants were
fed each of 3 diets (emphasizing carbohydrate (CARB), protein (PROT), or unsaturated
fat (UNSAT)) for 6-weeks, with feeding periods separated by a washout period. Weight
was held constant. Fasting serum was collected at baseline while participants ate
their own diets and after each feeding period. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin I
(hs-cTnI) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were measured in stored
specimens.
Results
The average age was 53.6 years, 55% were African American, and 45% were women. At
baseline, the median (25th-percentile, 75th-percentile) hs-cTnI was 3.3 ng/L (1.9,
5.6) and hs-CRP was 2.2 mg/L (1.1, 5.2). Compared to baseline, all 3 diets reduced
hs-cTnI: CARB –8.6% (95%CI: −16.1, −0.4), PROT –10.8% (−18.4, −2.5), and UNSAT −9.4%
(−17.4, −0.5). Hs-CRP was similarly changed by −13.9 to −17.0%. Hs-cTnI and hs-CRP
reductions were of similar magnitudes as SBP and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
(LDLc) but were not associated with these risk-factor reductions (P-values = 0.09). There were no between-diet differences in hs-cTnI and hs-CRP reductions.
Conclusions
Healthy diet, regardless of macronutrient emphasis, directly mitigated subclinical
cardiac injury and inflammation in a population at risk for cardiovascular disease.
These findings support dietary recommendations emphasizing healthy foods rather than
any one macronutrient.
Trial Registration: This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov, number: NCT00051350; URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00051350.
Abbreviations:
CARB (the OmniHeart carbohydrate feeding period), CI (confidence interval), CVD (cardiovascular disease), eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate), DBP (diastolic blood pressure), BMI (body mass index), LDLc (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol), DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension), GEE (generalized estimating equation), hs-cTnI (high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I), hs-cTnT (high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T), hs-CRP (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein), MI (myocardial infarction), OmniHeart (Optimal Macronutrient Intake Trial to Prevent Heart Disease), PROT (the OmniHeart protein feeding period), SBP (systolic blood pressure), SD (standard deviation), UNSAT (the OmniHeart unsaturated fat feeding period)Keywords
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: August 02, 2019
Accepted:
July 31,
2019
Received in revised form:
June 11,
2019
Received:
January 2,
2019
Identification
Copyright
© 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
