Highlights
- •The high blood pressure (HBP) has higher prevalence in children.
- •The incidences founded of Pre-HBP and HBP were: 121/1000 and 110/1000, respectively.
- •The sedentary behaviors during childhood increase the risk of developing HBP.
Abstract
Background/objectives
High blood pressure (HBP) is one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular
diseases and it has a high prevalence in pediatric populations. However, the determinants
of the incidence of Pre-HBP and HBP in children are not well known. i) To describe
the incidence of HBP in European children; and ii) to evaluate the effect of physical
activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) on the Pre-HBP and HBP.
Methods
The IDEFICS cohort study. A total of 16,228 children 2–9 years at baseline were recruited by complex sampling population-based survey in eight
European countries. At baseline (T0), 5221 children were selected for accelerometer
measurements; 5061 children were re-examined 2 years later (T1). We estimated the incidence of Pre-HBP and HBP and evaluate the effect
of PA and SB on the Pre-HBP and HBP, by computing relative risks and the corresponding
95% confidence intervals (RR, 95% CI).
Results
Incidences of Pre-HBP and HBP per year were: 121/1000 children and 110/1000 children,
respectively. We found that children maintaining SB > 2 h/d during the two year follow-up showed a RR of having HBP of 1.28 (1.03–1.60). Children
in T1 not performing the recommended amount of PA (<60 min/d) have a RR of HBP of 1.53 (1.12 to 2.09). We found no association between pre-HBP
and the behaviors.
Conclusion
The incidence of pre-HBP and HBP is high in European children. Maintaining sedentary
behaviors during childhood increases the risk of developing HBP after two years of
follow-up.
Keywords
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to International Journal of CardiologyAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Chronic diseases: global action must match global evidence.Lancet. 2010; 376: 1619-1621
- National, regional, and global trends in systolic blood pressure since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 786 country-years and 5 · 4 million participants.Lancet. 2011; 377: 568-577
- Childhood risk factors for high adult blood pressure: the Muscatine Study.Pediatrics. 1989; 84: 633-641
- Physical activity is inversely associated with high blood pressure independently of overweight in Brazilian adolescents.Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports. 2013; 23: 317-322
- Objectively measured sedentary behaviour and cardio-metabolic risk in youth: a review of evidence.Eur. J. Pediatr. 2014; 173: 845-860
- Independent and combined effects of physical activity and sedentary behavior on blood pressure in adolescents: gender differences in two cross-sectional studies.PLoS One. 2013; 8: e62006
- Clustering of multiple lifestyle behaviours and its association to cardiovascular risk factors in children: the IDEFICS study.Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2013; 67: 848-854
- Parental influences on different types and intensities of physical activity in youth: a systematic review.Psychol. Sport Exerc. 2010; 11: 522-535
- Biological and socio-cultural determinants of physical activity in adolescents.Cad. Saude Publica. 2008; 24: 721-736
- Sick individuals and sick populations.Int. J. Epidemiol. 1985; 14: 32-38
- Gestational weight gain and adiposity, fat distribution, metabolic profile, and blood pressure in offspring: the IDEFICS project.Int. J. Obes. (Lond). 2013; 37: 914-919
- The IDEFICS cohort: design, characteristics and participation in the baseline survey.Int. J. Obes. (Lond). 2011; 35: S3-S15
- Design and results of the pretest of the IDEFICS study.Int. J. Obes. (Lond). 2011; 35: S30-S44
- Obesity hypertension in children: a problem of epidemic proportions.Hypertension. 2002; 40: 441-447
- The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents.Pediatrics. 2004; 114: 555-576
- Calibration of two objective measures of physical activity for children.J. Sports Sci. 2008; 26: 1557-1565
- Key Guidelines for Children and Adolescents.(Accessed September 2011 ed:)http://www.health.gov/PAGuidelines/Date: 2008
- Are context-specific measures of parental-reported physical activity and sedentary behaviour associated with accelerometer data in 2–9-year-old European children?.Public Health Nutr. 2014; 1–9
- American Academy of Pediatrics: children, adolescents, and television.Pediatrics. 2001; 107: 423-426
- International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED).in: UIS 2012: 1-88
- Harmonization process and reliability assessment of anthropometric measurements in a multicenter study in adolescents.Int. J. Obes. (Lond). 2008; 32: S58-S65
- Next steps in understanding the multilevel determinants of health.J. Epidemiol. Community Health. 2008; 62: 957-959
- Multilevel Analysis. An Introduction to Basic and Advanced Multilevel Modelling.SAGE Publication, 1999
- The role of conceptual frameworks in epidemiological analysis: a hierarchical approach.Int. J. Epidemiol. 1997; 26: 224-227
- Executive summary: heart disease and stroke statistics—2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association.Circulation. 2013; 127: 143-152
- The environment and disease: association or causation?.Proc. R. Soc. Med. 1965; 58: 295-300
- TV viewing and physical activity are independently associated with metabolic risk in children: the European Youth Heart Study.PLoS Med. 2006; 3: 2449-2457
- Lifestyle factors are determinants of children's blood pressure levels: the CYKIDS study.J. Hum. Hypertens. 2009; 23: 456-463
- Nitric oxide, cardiovascular disease and physical exercise.Arq. Bras. Cardiol. 2006; 87: e264-e270
- Nitric oxide-mediated metabolic regulation during exercise: effects of training in health and cardiovascular disease.FASEB J. 2000; 14: 1685-1696
- Muscles, exercise and obesity: skeletal muscle as a secretory organ.Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 2012; 8: 457-465
- Association of leisure time physical activity and sports competition activities with high blood pressure levels: study carried out in a sample of Portuguese children and adolescents.Child Care Health Dev. 2011; 37: 329-334
- Combined associations between moderate to vigorous physical activity and sedentary behaviour with cardiometabolic risk factors in children.Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2013; 38: 477-483
- Which domains of childhood physical activity predict physical activity in adulthood? A 20-year prospective tracking study.Br. J. Sports Med. 2012; 46: 595-602
- Sitting time and all-cause mortality risk in 222 497 Australian adults.Arch. Intern. Med. 2012; 172: 494-500
- Television viewing and incident cardiovascular disease: prospective associations and mediation analysis in the EPIC Norfolk Study.PLoS One. 2011; 6: e20058
Article info
Publication history
Published online: November 26, 2014
Accepted:
November 23,
2014
Received:
October 29,
2014
Identification
Copyright
© 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
