Abstract
Background
To describe the derivation and validation of a novel echocardiographic metric for
prediction of left ventricle thrombus (LVT).
Methods
Computational fluid dynamic modeling using cardiac CT images was used to derive a
novel echocardiography-based metric to predict the presence of LVT. We retrospectively
reviewed 25 transthoracic echocardiograms showing definite LVT (LVT group). We then
randomly selected 25 patients with LVEF ≥55% (Normal EF group) and 25 patients with severe cardiomyopathy (CMP) with LVEF ≤40% without evidence of LVT (CMP group). The E-wave Propagation Index (EPI) was measured
as the E-wave velocity time-integral divided by the LV length. An EPI > 1 indicates penetration of the mitral jet into the apex whereas an EPI < 1 is indicative of incomplete apical washout. The mean EPI was compared between the
three groups. Crude and adjusted odd ratios of EPI and LVT association were also measured.
Results
Mean EPI was highest for the normal EF group and lowest in the LVT group (1.7 vs.
0.8; p < 0.0001). Mean EPI also differed significantly between LVT and CMP groups (0.8 vs.
1.2; p < 0.0001). 88% of the LVT group had EPI <1.0 compared to only 20% of the CMP group (p < 0.0001). Among the LVT and CMP groups, an EPI <1 increased the odd ratio of LVT by 53.7 times (95% CI: 6.9–416) controlling for LVEF
and LV volume.
Conclusions
The E-wave propagation index is a novel, easily-obtainable, echocardiographic metric
to evaluate apical LV flow. An EPI of less than 1 is an independent predictor of LVT
formation.
Abbreviations:
CAD (Coronary artery disease), CFD (Computational fluid dynamic), CMP (Cardiomyopathy), CT (Computed Tomography), EDV (End diastolic volume), EF (Ejection fraction), EPI (E-Wave Propagation Index), ESV (End systolic volume), HFrEF (Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction), ICMP (Ischemic cardiomyopathy), LVEDV (left ventricle end diastolic volume), LVEF (left ventricular ejection fraction), LVL (Left ventricle length), LVT (left ventricle thrombus), NICMP (Non-ischemic cardiomyopathy), SV (Stroke volume), VTI (Velocity time integral)Keywords
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: October 29, 2016
Accepted:
October 28,
2016
Received:
September 5,
2016
Identification
Copyright
© 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
