Highlights
- •Macrophages are capable of recognizing and binding foreign or altered-self targets.
- •Modified LDL can be sensed and taken up by macrophages with a battery of scavenger receptors.
- •In atherosclerosis, lipid balance is deregulated that induces the inability of macrophages to completely recycle modified LDL.
Abstract
In atherosclerosis, serum lipoproteins undergo various chemical modifications that
impair their normal function. Modification of low density lipoprotein (LDL) such as
oxidation, glycation, carbamylation, glucooxidation, etc. makes LDL particles more proatherogenic. Macrophages are responsible for clearance
of modified LDL to prevent cytotoxicity, tissue injury, inflammation, and metabolic
disturbances. They develop an advanced sensing arsenal composed of various pattern
recognition receptors (PRRs) capable of recognizing and binding foreign or altered-self
targets for further inactivation and degradation. Modified LDL can be sensed and taken
up by macrophages with a battery of scavenger receptors (SRs), of which SR-A1, CD36, and LOX1 play a major role. However, in atherosclerosis, lipid balance is
deregulated that induces inability of macrophages to completely recycle modified LDL
and leads to lipid deposition and transformation of macrophages to foam cells. SRs
also mediate various pathogenic effects of modified LDL on macrophages through activation
of the intracellular signaling network. Other PRRs such Toll-like receptors can also
interact with modified LDL and mediate their effects independently or in cooperation
with SRs.
Graphical abstract
Graphical Abstract
Keywords
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: December 28, 2016
Accepted:
December 25,
2016
Received in revised form:
December 19,
2016
Received:
June 17,
2016
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