Every cell requires iron as a necessary cofactor for the activity of several enzymes
involved in key cellular processes like oxidative metabolic process, DNA and RNA synthesis,
and microRNAs (miRNAs) biogenesis. Moreover, iron plays a fundamental role in oxygen
transport and storage as a component of hemoglobin and myoglobin, respectively. Therefore,
due to its fundamental role in physiology, iron uptake by the organism and iron cellular
transport is a tightly regulated process and its unbalance is associated with diseases
including heart failure (HF) [
[1]
]. Among others, inflammatory cellular and molecular factors are strong iron metabolism
influencers, thus pathological conditions characterized by a complex imbalance in
inflammation such as HF could benefit from iron-target preventive/therapeutic strategies
and several clinical trials are investigating this possibility. The results of these
trials could impact a large population since about 50% of outpatients with HF and
almost 80% of acute ones experience iron deficiency (ID), the condition in which the
availability of iron is insufficient to meet the body’s needs [
[2]
,
[3]
]. ID occurs with or without anemia and it is associated with a worsening in the quality
of life, enhanced risk of hospitalization, and reduced life expectancy of HF patients
[
[1]
].Abbreviations:
CABG (coronary artery bypass graft), HF (heart failure), HIF-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha), ID (iron deficiency), IV (intravenous), lncRNAs (long ncRNAs), miRNAs (microRNAs), mRNAs (messenger RNAs), ncRNAs (non-coding RNAs), siRNAs (small interfering RNAs), snoRNAs (small nucleolar RNAs), TfR1 (transferrin 1 receptor), TSAT (transferrin saturation)To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to International Journal of CardiologyAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Iron deficiency in heart failure: mechanisms and pathophysiology.J. Clin. Med. MDPI. 2022; 11
- Iron deficiency across chronic inflammatory conditions: international expert opinion on definition, diagnosis, and management. Vol. 92.in: American Journal of Hematology. Wiley-Liss Inc, 2017: 1068-1078
- Iron deficiency in chronic heart failure: case-based practical guidance.in: ESC Heart Failure. 5. Wiley-Blackwell, 2018: 764-771
- Relationship between iron deficiency and expression of genes involved in iron metabolism in human myocardium and skeletal muscle,.Int. J. Cardiol. 2023 May; 379: 82-88
- Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency across indications: a systematic review.in: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. American Society for Nutrition. 102. 2015: 1585-1594
- Definition of iron deficiency based on the gold standard of bone marrow iron staining in heart failure patients.Circ. Heart Fail. 2018 Feb 1; 11
- Iron deficiency and cardiovascular disease.Eur. Heart J. 2023; 44 (Oxford University Press): 14-27
- Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose in iron-Deficient chronic heart failure patients with and without anaemia: a subanalysis of the FAIR-HF trial.Eur. J. Heart Fail. 2013 Nov 1; 15: 1267-1276
- IRON-HF study: a randomized trial to assess the effects of iron in heart failure patients with anemia.Int. J. Cardiol. [Internet]. 2013 Oct 9; 168 ([cited 2023 May 10]. Available from:) ([cited 2023 May 10]. Available from:): 3439-3442
- Peripheral blood RNA biomarkers for cardiovascular disease from bench to bedside: a position paper from the EU-CardioRNA COST action CA17129.Cardiovasc. Res. 2022 Dec 29; 118: 3183-3197
- Non-coding RNAs in cardiac inflammation: key drivers in the pathophysiology of heart failure.in: Cardiovascular Research. 118. Oxford University Press, 2022: 2058-2073
- LncRNA PVT1 regulates ferroptosis through miR-214-mediated TFR1 and p53.Life Sci. 2020 Nov 1; 260118305
- LncRNAs in cardiac hypertrophy: From basic science to clinical application.J. Cell Mol. Med. [Internet]. 2020 Oct 1; 24 ([cited 2023 May 11]): 11638-11645https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.15819
- Hypoxia-elicited cardiac microvascular endothelial cell-derived exosomal miR-210–3p alleviate hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced myocardial cell injury through inhibiting transferrin receptor 1-mediated ferroptosis.Tissue Cell [Internet]. 2022; 79 (Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040816622002282)101956
A. Cirovic, Letter to the editor for the “relationship between iron deficiency and expression of genes involved in iron metabolism in human myocardium and skeletal muscle.”, Int. J. Cardiol. [Internet] (2023 Apr) 20:S0167-5273(23)00586-7 [cited 2023 May 12];0(0). Available from: http://www.internationaljournalofcardiology.com/article/S0167527323005867/fulltext.
- Hypoxia-induced miR-210 modulates the inflammatory response and fibrosis upon acute ischemia.Cell Death Dis. 2021 May 1; 12 ([cited 2023 May 12]. Available from) ([cited 2023 May 12]. Available from): 1-14
Article info
Publication history
Published online: May 23, 2023
Accepted:
May 17,
2023
Received:
May 12,
2023
Publication stage
In Press Journal Pre-ProofIdentification
Copyright
© 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
